Willow Ferris
Australian
Rendered Invisible (2026)
3D Animation
Chapter
summary
Women in Cambodia’s garment factories are the backbone of production and often their families’ sole income earners, yet they remain unheard…
Artist
statement
Rendered Invisible is a 1 minute and 20 second animated short examining gender specific exploitation within global corporate supply chains. Situated in…
Prof. Vijeyarasa's
reflections
In working with Willow, I was taken back to 2011, when I was heading the Women’s Rights team at ActionAid International and was lucky enough to be invited by ActionAid…
Chapter summary
Modern Slavery: Giving voice and visibility to the Gendered Experiences of Supply Chain Exploitation
Women in Cambodia’s garment factories are the backbone of production and often their families’ sole income earners, yet they remain unheard in global supply chain regulation. Similar patterns occur in shea butter, rubber and fishing sectors, where exploitation reflects gender, race and geography. Modern slavery laws in California, the UK, France, Australia and the EU, designed largely in the West to address abuses in the Global South, still treat exploitation as gender neutral and ignore how norms and power imbalances shape risk. Due diligence duties are weak, requiring action only “commensurate to severity”, while corporate reporting can mask abuse. Instead of abandoning due diligence, it must become gender responsive, requiring consultation with women and girls, gender disaggregated data and the removal of barriers to participation in shaping better workplaces. This approach might do better at exposing gender specific harms, including barriers to fair wages, unsafe or overcrowded housing, limited toilet breaks and a lack of accountability for workplace sexual harassment. Without such reforms, modern slavery governance remains gender blind and insufficient.
Open Access: (Read online or download free)
Artist statement
Rendered Invisible is a 1 minute and 20 second animated short examining gender specific exploitation within global corporate supply chains. Situated in a representative garment factory in Cambodia, the work draws on the research, findings, and calls for gender-responsive lawmaking outlined in Chapter 4, Modern Slavery - Gender the law: The Regulation of Supply Chain Exploitation of Ramona Vijeyarasa’s book Rewriting the Rules. The short animation focuses on the labour conditions experienced by women that underpin the everyday clothing items we consume. It narrows into more precise ways of calling out exploitation in garment factories, calling for legislation and accountability frameworks that explicitly address gender, given that garment supply chains disproportionately rely on women’s labour.
The work is grounded in the premise that consumption cannot be separated from production. Clothes do not appear magically; they are made by people, within specific economic, social and political conditions. Yet Western cultural trends of mass consumption routinely erase this labour. The invisibility of workers is not incidental, but structurally embedded within global supply chains that distance consumers and corporate decision-makers from those most affected by their choices.
Rendered Invisible seeks to inform audiences about the gendered nature of exploitation and to gesture toward what kinds of change might be demanded. By making visible the specific experiences of women workers, the animation aims to bring those most affected back to the centre of the conversation. Visibility, here, is not the end of the story, but a necessary condition for accountability. Consulting those most affected by exploitative labour practices is framed not as a symbolic gesture, but as essential to meaningful reform across supply chains.
Animation is used deliberately as the medium for this work. Its capacity for abstraction, symbolism and narrative compression allows complex systems to be addressed without trivialising the realities they produce. The animation opens with workers rendered literally invisible as sewing machines operate and garments appear to be produced effortlessly. As the work unfolds, it moves into speculative visualisations of what accountability moving up the supply chain might look like. Women workers gather in a break room, writing down the changes they demand to their working conditions. These written demands float upward through the supply chain, eventually arriving in a corporate boardroom of large brand buyers. The sequence imagines decision-making structures in which women’s voices and lived experience are not marginal, but central.
Through visual techniques such as composition, repetition, pattern, colour and sound design, the work constructs an embodied sense of the factory environment. Repetitive movements and looping actions evoke the relentless rhythm of production, where no seat is empty and no second is wasted. Tight framing and compressed spaces suggest both physical and psychological constraint, while the persistent green hue of industrial lighting produces a quiet but ongoing sense of unease.
By combining Rewriting the Rules’ reconceptualisation of women’s rights in law with the symbolic language of animation, Rendered Invisible invites viewers to reflect on their own position within these systems. Clothes do not appear by magic, and the conditions they are made in matter.
Prof. Vijeyarasa's reflections
In working with Willow, I was taken back to 2011, when I was heading the Women’s Rights team at ActionAid International and was lucky enough to be invited by ActionAid Cambodia to visit the drop-in centres established in the export processing zones on the outskirts of Phnom Penh, as a place for garment workers to meet without the watchful eyes of their factory employers. I shared with Willow some of the photos I took and stories I heard which she captures beautifully in this animation. The empty chairs behind these working sewing machines in the opening of Willow’s film brilliantly reflect one part of a complex story: that it is easy to overlook the gendered nature of supply chain exploitation and while seemingly simple, laws still struggle to achieve accountability up the supply chain.